Top Immigration/Emigration Countries of Europe

I've written before on who is coming to the US and where folks are going, and today I'm taking a quick look at the same for the top 5 most populous countries in the EU: DE, UK, FR, IT, and ES.

Country Top Country of Origin for Permanent Migration Inflow Top Destination Country for Citizen Outflow
Germany Ukraine Switzerland
United Kingdom India Spain
France Algeria Switzerland
Italy Ukraine, Albania, or Romania Spain
Spain Colombia Germany

Obviously, the EU remains a top destination worldwide. Immigrants tend to come from outside the EU, and when Europeans leave they tend to stay within the continent.

Germany, Spain, and Switzerland are the top 3 countries for almost everyone, including increasingly for those in the United States (13% of US expats left for Spain in 2022).

Destination Country (Host) Countries with Host Country as Top Destination (2021–2023)
Germany Austria, Czechia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Spain, Türkiye
Spain United Kingdom, United States, Colombia, Italy, Norway
Switzerland France, Germany, Portugal

While I'm assuming Switzerland functions primarily as a high-wage corridor that pulls skilled workers from other wealthy EU countries like France and Germany, while Germany and Spain see a mix of humanitarian and skilled workers, it'd be nice to get some confirmation of this via data over the years.